We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. [70] In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Sharm el-Sheikh has become . [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. Copy. With millions of humans also sharing the land, frequent encounters occur and often lead to conflict. Africa borders on both the North and South Atlantic, from roughly the location of Cape Town to Gibraltar. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. South of Sarapion, Nikon, the Pyralaae Islands, and the island of Diorux (about whose precise location only speculation seems possible), the chief town was Rhapta, which may lie buried in the Rufiji delta of present-day Tanzania. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. This . The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. The Indian Ocean and East African Slave Trade: Zanzibar Figure 1.--Zanzibar was the center of the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. Twin parallel rift valleys that are part of the East African Rift System run through the region. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. Updates? After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. The continent is almost centered over the equator stretching from the consistently warm waters of the Mediterranean in the north right down to the frigid South Atlantic in the south. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? In rural areas, people have lost crops and livestock and face hunger and outbreaks of malaria. 1. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani capital to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.[67]. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. Princeton, Princeton University Press. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. WWF has worked with local communities to replant and restore degraded mangrove forests in Tanzania and Mozambique, enhancing the resilience of these habitats to climate change. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . 2425. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). A frenzy of dolphins off the coast of Cote d-Ivoire Gary Krosin (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. editors@africageographic.com This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. Fig. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. . Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. The Gulf Stream, paired with the eastern . The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. 11. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. Casson, Lionel (1989). The East African coast and the Western Indian Ocean are regions of global historical signi cance. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. There are protected wildlife areas in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, but they are separated by areas with large human populations. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. Wildlife crime networks are using more sophisticated weapons and techniques to obtain ivory, such as automatic rifles and helicopters. Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. We also work with local communities in Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. Lionel Casson. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. Source: British Library. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. The two most striking highlands are in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, where large areas reach elevations of 6,500 to 10,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres). Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. Should we carry along the same path, its estimated that there will be no fish left in the ocean by 2050. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. Climate change is expected to intensify these and other problems. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. It is narrow (approx. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. Washington, DC 20037. WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. 1. The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. Ranger in Udzungwe National Park, Tanzania. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 There is evidence of a considerable iron-smelting industry at Manda and of a lesser one at Kilwa. Azania Vol. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. Due to the sheer size of the smack of jellyfish, it was impossible to capture the complete scene in a single frame, even though I was using a fisheye lens. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. (1999). Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. A green turtle that was accidentally caught in fishing gear is about to be returned to the wild by WWF staff. All rights reserved. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "big five": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros,[21] and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. Region focused mainly on a coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control ( British Somaliland.. 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