<< Aransi, I. O. Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /F9 55 0 R endobj /F7 42 0 R (&. /Image8 18 0 R The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. 2016. /Image8 18 0 R Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . >> [/ICCBased 9 0 R] 2 0 obj Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. /Group << It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. /Tabs /S /CS /DeviceRGB AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs /GS7 17 0 R 0000000016 00000 n How do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. Dubai instituted a knowledge dirham, a flat charge that applies to all government services. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. /Type /Pages Department of Political Science and Public Administration, PMB 4010, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in /ExtGState << Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). /Image89 71 0 R What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? /Meta81 69 0 R 3 0 obj 10. Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . N What would and would not be taxed under a broad-based income tax? for generating additional revenues. endobj What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? >> Transfers fell from 1977 through most of the 1980s but increased slowly though the 1990s. All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . 3 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Image8 18 0 R Why do low-income families use tax preparers? endobj How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. endobj /StructParents 3 How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? /Meta82 68 0 R <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> endobj /Group << We show that increased revenues from shale gas and oil during this period are strongly associated with decreased local government relianceonnesandfeesasrevenuesources. Maintaining public support is critical to the longer-term viability of such efforts, and cities must create an attractive business climate. revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. /Tabs /S /Parent 2 0 R hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ /Type /Page /Font << Social acceptance. 10 0 obj In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. endobj /Group << Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.) 7 endobj How does the tax system affect US competitiveness? /Group << In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. 1 Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. endobj It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) >> <>stream What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? /F1 20 0 R /Type /Page We also look into the future in an. /Type /Page How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? <> >> Download chapter PDF Introduction. Tracy Gordon, Richard C. Auxier, and John Iselin (2016), Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances /Resources << We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. /F5 40 0 R 4. xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ /StructParents 0 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. >> University of Lagos Press. What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? Majority Concept Publications. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? 13 0 obj 7 0 obj >> /Group << How are different consumption taxes related? Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes >> Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). %PDF-1.5 Dibie, R. A. n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. /XObject << >> /GS31 30 0 R Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? 4. Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. Chin, A.-P. (2007). /F2 21 0 R State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. /Meta58 47 0 R City assets and investments. /GS7 17 0 R Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. endobj Washington DC: Urban Institute. Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. Government and to the State Governments. How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? % What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? /Type /Page /CS /DeviceRGB It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . /Group << For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. Financial management in Nigerian local government. Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. 5356 0 obj <> endobj 0000002809 00000 n 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 B)`g5(^S1,=ql&{YwEzLgH`g\zwnka \ji2(-.$(ULd\y=fUgW +Oq^!PEcmht?&TV)nP-kqs+Y: <> 0000002251 00000 n Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? Longman. 14 0 obj [/ICCBased 11 0 R] As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. What are the tax benefits of homeownership? What is the history of the federal budget process? 11 /F2 21 0 R Local Government Finance and Implications for Development: A Case Study of the Ikorodu Government Area Lagos State. How would various proposals affect incentives for charitable giving? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. N')].uJr Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m Principles of leadership. Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. #$ e-`w6w On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in - 185.64.219.103. The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . /F6 41 0 R To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. /Contents 43 0 R There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. /Type /Page 4, Government Finances. 8. /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] 5 3 What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? /Resources << Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. /Meta39 39 0 R Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. startxref /Resources << [/ICCBased 14 0 R] /Group << /Meta49 54 0 R /Meta63 59 0 R The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. As a result, local governments are continually forced to levying of non-property taxes and fees (Steiss et al, 2011,). 5366 0 obj<>stream >> This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. >> Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. /Font << Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. /Parent 2 0 R 6. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] appropriate. The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. Create new revenue streams. Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? D?M5j$3X,/L )o-@ci"wAB%O3FQO ~3(,*Y| ?3efuj 6 6+?j|yDVQvKxzV. >Pu*wH:97CWW Fajobi, O. F. (2010). Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . /Parent 2 0 R X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. /F6 25 0 R VIP services can also be offered where increased fee levels guarantee higher quality. /F5 40 0 R /StructParents 7 Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." 6 0 obj 9 0 obj Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? /Resources << 7, 192209. It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. /CS /DeviceRGB In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. >> Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. 92so74oi J. << However, the state government transfer total includes indirect federal funds that are initially allocated to states. 1346-1366. /Type /Page 4. /Parent 2 0 R endobj What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? Bundle charges. %PDF-1.5 >> The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? These factors often include volume of activity, location, and period of validity. 8 0 obj >> ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k g],g>$6%E#w .CB}6{yghj9Kv:Q9w l+/;2w Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. /Type /Group A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. stream All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. >> As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. >> Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. Census of Governments, vol. Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). /Image95 78 0 R >> /F6 41 0 R >> In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. 0000001743 00000 n What tax incentives exist to help families pay for college? This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). Service fees. >> What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make /CS /DeviceRGB 4 What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? >> << /F4 23 0 R /F2 83 0 R /F1 20 0 R /Meta41 36 0 R /Contents 56 0 R /Meta43 34 0 R . >> These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. <>stream When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. What are state balanced budget requirements and how do they work? The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. Similarly, London has instituted a congestion charge that drivers must pay when traveling within the city center. /S /Transparency /Meta52 49 0 R /Font << /Meta62 60 0 R What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do? Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Never miss an insight. >> How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review To increase the flow of revenues from these sources, cities can select from four interventions (Exhibit 3). 5 0 obj The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). /Group << Todaro, M. P. (2015). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). In our experience, governments that pursue a practical approach to revenue generation can capture up to 50 percent of incremental revenues. Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. /F1 20 0 R revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. /GS7 17 0 R Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. /Meta64 58 0 R Cresthill Publishers Limited. 971z Okwori, J., & Sule, A. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. Beyond central government funding, the primary revenue streams for municipal governments are service fees, fines, taxes, and assets such as buildings and properties. /S /Transparency The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Washington DC: Urban Institute. What is the size of the opportunity? state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? >> How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? 3.16.1 Introduction. 9. >> What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. How does the federal government spend its money? /Contents 62 0 R >> /CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? /Group << 2 1. Essentials of management. /Contents 64 0 R 6 State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. >> . Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. What are the sources of revenue for state governments? Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- /Meta77 66 0 R <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. /F7 26 0 R /XObject << https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. What are the economic effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act? istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. Are the Social Security trust funds real? Of tax provisions affect taxpayers the Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria R There is no one that! 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