I thought about having a quick glass of red wine in Plato’s honor, but lost courage, took two photos, and left. I began to doubt whether the liquid was water or some kind of clear alcohol, as these men didn’t have the appearance of compulsive Brooklyn yoga hydrators. Accordingly, the figures on the walls below exemplify philosophy, poetry (including music), theology, and law. He was present at Socrates’ trial but — in a beautifully reflexive moment that he describes in the Phaedo — absent from the moment of Socrates’ death, because he was sick. Athens Classical Archaeology Intensive Program 2019 January 4-25, 2019. In addition, these two central figures gesture along different dimensions: Plato vertically, upward along the picture-plane, into the vault above; Aristotle on the horizontal plane at right-angles to the picture-plane (hence in strong foreshortening), initiating a flow of space toward viewers. 338 BC, when Plato founded his famed philosophical school here. Established in 1926 the modern Academy of Athens is Greece’s national academy, and the highest research establishment in the country. In addition to the bookshelves storing these texts, there was possibly a wooden dais for the readings, lectures and discussions that took place daily. According to one account, Anniceris of Cyrene paid a ransom of 30 minas. It is not to be confused with, For the classical Athens school of philosophy, see, Program, subject, figure identifications and interpretations, Possibly derived from a figure in Leonardo's, Jones and Penny, p. 74: "The execution of the, M. Smolizza, ‘’Rafael y el Amor. No riots here. “Plato” is close to the word “broad” in Greek, like the broad leaves of the platanos or plane tree under which Socrates and Phaedrus sit and talk about eros. PLATO ACADEMY Academy was a suburb of Athens, named after the hero Academos or Ecademos. https://www.britannica.com › topic › Academy-ancient-academy-Athens-Greece The library was the first of its kind in Athens. Plato's Academy Park. It was time to go. Add Plato's Academy Park and other attractions to your Athens trip itinerary using our Athens visit site. It is an idea, in accordance with Plato’s theory of the forms, but also the Pythagorean view that ultimate reality is expressed by number. Plato's Academy was not a school in the modern sense but, rather, a gathering place for the serious and curious thinkers of the day. A faint but clearly perceptible smell of urine hung in the air of the palaestra. By Helena Smith and Athens. Rowe and Rees 1956 suggested that both scenes in the Serapeum of Alexandria and Saqqara share a similar subject, such as with Plato's Academy mosaic, with Saqqara figures attributed to: "(1) Pindare, (2) Démétrios de Phalère, (3) x (? Plato's academy from Athens Info Guide, the most complete information guide about Athens, Greece. Itinerarios por el dibujo de Rafael a Cézanne’, Barcelona, 2007, pp. Plato holds Timaeus and Aristotle holds his Nicomachean Ethics. From left, maps of the Academy and surrounding area; and its Gymnasium; and a rendering of the Gymnasium's geometric design. This term becomes both the term for Plato's school but also our word for academy and academic. The Gymnasium was a rectangular complex, approximately 200 feet long and 100 feet wide. [10], The identities of some of the philosophers in the picture, such as Plato and Aristotle, are certain. But our captivation with this image, once again, is overwhelmingly Plato’s invention. By contrast, Aristotle, slightly ahead of him, is in mature manhood, wearing sandals and gold-trimmed robes, and the youth about them seem to look his way. February 28, 2010 — 3.00am. Produced in 1902 by George W. Breck to replace an older reproduction that was destroyed in a fire in 1895, it is four inches off scale from the original, because the Vatican would not allow identical reproductions of its art works.[25]. Commentators have suggested that nearly every great ancient Greek philosopher can be found in the painting, but determining which are depicted is speculative, since Raphael made no designations outside possible likenesses, and no contemporary documents explain the painting. Now it's the same garden, some of the stones are on the ground that may have been here under Plato. The Academy of Athens is Greece's national academy, and the highest research establishment in the country. The site is near the Agricultural University of … philosophical school) remained in operation, in different forms and phases till AD 529 when it was shut down. [5], Finally, according to Giorgio Vasari, the scene includes Raphael himself, the Duke of Mantua, Zoroaster and some Evangelists. At this point, a rather vulgar question comes to mind: Who paid for the Academy? [31], Alcibiades or Alexander the Great and Antisthenes or Xenophon, Fresco in the Vatican made by Raphael between 1509 and 1511, This article is about the fresco. BY BUS: 051 BY FOOT: From Metaxourgio Metro Station, follow Lenorman Street for 1 km and turn left onto Tripoleos Street, which will lead you to the Academy of Plato. But the center of the Academy was the library, well stocked with texts, stacked papyri, possibly with labels, on which the titles were inscribed. Beyond that, identifications of Raphael's figures have always been hypothetical. We can only guess, but it’s likely there would have been writings on mathematics, geometry and medicine, volumes by Homer and Hesiod. Plato’s Academy is now a public park in a not particularly nice part of town. Part B: What were Aristotle's options? The Academy wasn't even a building but, rather, an outdoor gathering spot near a religious shrine (to Athena), dedicated to a legendary Athenian hero named Akademos, as one version has it, or named after an important Athenian named Academos, as another version has it. [21] Missing from it is the architectural background, the figures of Heraclitus, Raphael, and Protogenes. Athenians take their weekends very seriously. [A review of the main interpretations proposed in the last two centuries. How did Plato get this money? The garden had historically been home to many other groups and activities. Jean-François Mimaut (1774 - 1837), French consul-general in Alexandria, mentioned in the 19th century nine statues at Serapeum of Alexandria holding rolls. A reproduction of Raphael’s “School of Athens” in the museum of the Academy. +30 210 - 3219776. He founded what is said to be the first university – his Academy (near Athens) in around 385 BC. 29–77. We came to an area scattered with warehouses and former factories. The Academy's main building is one of the major landmarks of Athens. Stairs leading to the gymnasium near the site of Plato’s Academy in Athens. Plato S Academy Home Athens - The well-equipped Plato'S Academy Home venue with 1 bedroom offers a designated smoking area, a lift and a storage for belongings. Academy of Plato (Archaeological Area) Kratilou 20-22 10442 Athens (Greece) Tel. Jahrhundert – Graphische Sammlung – Sammlung – Städel Museum, mit seinen Schülern (Studie für die "Schule von Athen", Stanza della Segnatura, Vatikan), "Two Men conversing on a Flight of Steps, and a Head shouting", "Studies for a Figure of Minerva and Other Statues", V&A Museum: Copy of Raphael's School of Athens in the Vatican, Northern Germany: As Far as the Bavarian and Austrian Frontiers, "A Contribution To The Archaeology of The Western Desert: IV - The Great Serapeum Of Alexandria", "Plato's Circle in the Mosaic of Pompeii", "Diagnosi su tela: le grandi malattie dipinte dei pittori del passato", BBC Radio 4 discussion about the significance of this picture in the programme, 3 Cool Things You Might Not Know About Raphael’s, The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple, Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano, Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola, Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_School_of_Athens&oldid=1002249797, Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great, Articles with dead external links from June 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 January 2021, at 15:08. Its last teachers found refuge in the Persian empire but were later permitted to return to Athens. during the sack of Athens. What was striking was how exposed and all these remains were: no fences, no border walls and no security cameras. Photo about The statue of the Greek ancient philosopher Plato at the facade of the Academy of Athens in Greece. [9] The main basis are two mirrored triangles on the drawing from Bramante (Euclid), which correspond to the feet positions of certain figures. Originally it was a garden or a grove in which the mythological hero Akadem was worshipped. Mr. Critchley is a philosophy professor and author. However, Plato's Timaeus – which is the book Raphael places in his hand – was a sophisticated treatment of space, time, and change, including the Earth, which guided mathematical sciences for over a millennium. There would also have been works by the Sophists, whom Plato loathed, and possibly the widely read works of the atomists, like Democritus, whom Plato completely ignored, possibly out of envy. Although the splendidly unreliable Diogenes Laertius says that Plato possessed no property other than what is mentioned in his will, he received a large sum of money from Dionysius I. Plato had a significant fund of money at his disposal (the exorbitant figure of 80 talents is mentioned). We are less attracted to the idea of the wealthy Aristocratic philosopher sequestered in his research facility and making occasional overseas trips to visit foreign tyrants than the image of the poor, shoeless Socrates causing trouble in the marketplace, refusing to be paid and getting killed by the city for his trouble. This work has long been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the Renaissance".[3]. Indeed, Plato is also said to have had a banker called Andromedes. Plato Academy, Athens 'Academy' was a suburb of Athens named after the hero Academos. The cartoon for the painting is in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan. Now in print: “Modern Ethics in 77 Arguments” and “The Stone Reader: Modern Philosophy in 133 Arguments,” with essays from the series, edited by Peter Catapano and Simon Critchley, published by Liveright Books. ], According to Vasari, "Raphael received a hearty welcome from Pope Julius, and in the chamber of the Segnatura he painted the theologians reconciling Philosophy and Astrology with Theology, including portraits of all the wise men of the world in dispute. Much as we may flinch at the idea, philosophy has always been academic and linked to the activity of schools since its inception. Both figures hold modern (of the time), bound copies of their books in their left hands, while gesturing with their right. It has the typical dimensions of a palaestra, or wrestling school. What is striking is the wholly geometric nature of the design of the Academy, which my new friend, Mr. Staikos, thinks was due to the influence of the Pythagorean school that Plato encountered on his trips to Sicily and that had been revived by Archytas of Taras, a friend of Plato’s and some say the model for the philosopher king described in the Republic. Normal text size Larger text size Very large text size. Image of culture, famous, europe - 24828617 The site of Plato's school of philosophy has been discovered. Aspects of the fresco other than the identities of the figures have also been variously interpreted, but few such interpretations are unanimously accepted among scholars. [3] The sculpture on the right is Athena, goddess of wisdom, in her Roman guise as Minerva. Plato is mentioned only a couple of times in the many dialogues that bear his name. A couple were playing in the distance with their dog. Plato and other scholars taught subjects such as mathematics, philosophy, biology, and astronomy at the Academy. Maklumat kejiranan Akadimia Platonos, or Plato’s Academy, is a quiet neighborhood located just 3 km (2 miles) west-northwest of downtown Athens and only 15 minutes walk from the capital’s hottest and most youthful place to be at night: Gazi. On the corner as I looked up, two men were rummaging carefully and quietly through a baby-blue refuse bin. A copy of Raphael's School of Athens was painted on the wall of the ceremonial stairwell that leads to the famous, main-floor reading room of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. A review of "Les Statues Ptolémaïques du Sarapieion de Memphis" noted they were probably sculpted in the 3rd century with limestone and stucco, some standing and others sitting. Aristotle, with his four-elements theory, held that all change on Earth was owing to motions of the heavens. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. There was a solitary man standing, very reflectively, smoking a huge joint with what appeared to be a bottle of water at his feet. Points of Interest & Landmarks. Tourists interested in seeing the exact location of Plato’s Academy can find it 3 km from the Acropolis of Athens. A number of drawings made by Raphael as studies for the School of Athens are extant. Legend has it that the motto of the Academy, written over the entrance, was “Let no one ignorant of geometry enter.” For the Academy is not just a building. The Academy became the centre of learning in Athens, along with the Lyceum, the school built by Plato’s … The School of Athens (Italian: Scuola di Atene) is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. Plato's Academy (i.e. The tombs probably were placed alongside the road from Athens to Academy. Friday 11 January – Day 8: Lecture 7 – Athenian sanctuary organisation and cult requirements; Plato did go on and build his school! The Stanza della Segnatura was the first of the rooms to be decorated, and The School of Athens, representing philosophy, was probably the third painting to be finished there, after La Disputa (Theology) on the opposite wall, and the Parnassus (Literature). Truth to tell, we know very little about Plato. The site was continuously inhabited from the prehistoric period until the 6th century A.D. During the 6th century B.C., one of the three famous Gymnasiums of Athens was founded here. According to Mr. Staikos, the cost of construction is estimated at 25 to 30 talents. In 387 B.C. Compounding the problem, Raphael had to invent a system of iconography to allude to various figures for whom there were no traditional visual types. The apartment has carpet … The two figures to the left of Plotinus were used as part of the cover art of both Use Your Illusion I and II albums of Guns N' Roses. We are not exactly sure of their function, but it is highly likely that they were used for teaching and were equipped with boards, writing materials, geometric instruments, globes and celestial spheres. Points of Interest & Landmarks. What We Think About When We Think About Socce. Vasari mentions portraits of the young Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, leaning over Bramante with his hands raised near the bottom right, and Raphael himself.[11]. [30] According to Paolo Zamboni professor of Vascular Surgery University of Ferrara who carried out an Iconodiagnostic on the School of Athens, Raphael's Michelangelo, in the role of Heraclitus, is affected by legs and knees varicose veins. It was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. [4] The traditional title is not Raphael's. THE ADDRESS. The Academy is literally a museum, a temple or a sacred space, an association that is continued in Aristotle’s Lyceum and on into the most famous library of the ancient world: the Museum of Alexandria (which contained its famous and famously destroyed library), founded by the Ptolemies after 297 B.C.E.Behind the muses was the main building of the Academy, divided into a number of rooms. The buildings were probably burned along with many other sanctuaries, and the trees from the grove of academe were felled to provide timber for his siege machines. Each theme is identified above by a separate tondo containing a majestic female figure seated in the clouds, with putti bearing the phrases: "Seek Knowledge of Causes," "Divine Inspiration," "Knowledge of Things Divine" (Disputa), "To Each What Is Due." However, many of the philosophers depicted sought knowledge of first causes. Some think that Plato was so called because he was broad-shouldered because of his prowess in wrestling. [3] The resulting architecture was similar to the then new St. Peter's Basilica. A similar subject is known as Plato's Academy mosaic, and perhaps emerged in form of statues at the Serapeum of Alexandria and Memphis Saqqara, both of them in what is now Egypt. To complicate matters, beginning from Vasari's efforts, some have received multiple identifications, not only as ancients but also as figures contemporary with Raphael. The original Academy was founded by Plato … The day was cool and sunny, but the previous 48 hours had been filled with storms, strong winds and intense rain. From the evidence of the Dialogues, it is clear that Plato had read the long-lost works of pre-Socratic thinkers like Heraclitus (“On Nature”) and Anaxagoras (“Nous”), and texts by the Eleatic thinkers like Parmenides. The weekend traffic in the center of Athens was awful on the late January day I decided to visit the site of Plato’s Academy. Big deal! As I entered the park from the south, the ground was muddy with large puddles. Each of the narrow, slightly dog-legged streets in Plaka, the old city, was completely jammed, because recent angry protests, some of them violent, had forced the closing of roads around Syntagma, or Constitution Square. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. But this is the literary conceit of philosophy — one that is still in circulation today. HOW TO GET THERE. Here are some tips. ", University of North Carolina at Asheville, Zeichnungen – 16. Simon Critchley is a professor of philosophy at the New School for Social Research and the author of several books, including “What We Think About When We Think About Soccer” and the forthcoming “Tragedy, the Greeks, and Us.” He is the moderator of The Stone. What books were in Plato’s library and why is everyone getting wasted there? Apparently, he was nicknamed Nous or Mind by Plato, which seems appropriate. Buildings here was a minimum - mostly the sanctuary of the Muses. I began to ponder and wandered from the Gymnasium, across the park and a street to the scant remains of another building in the Academy complex, which is approximately 130 feet square. Pantelis, my cabdriver, threaded his way delicately around people suddenly lurching, seemingly semi-oblivious, into the street and the constant chorus of motorcycles appearing out of nowhere and disappearing noisily into the distance. I was the de facto guide for one reason. Behind that fiction stands the library, the editing and copying rooms, and the entire research engine of the Academy, which was devoted to the careful production and dissemination of knowledge through texts and teaching. The term academy derives from Academus or Hecademus, a mythical hero the garden was dedicated to. In the painting Aristotle carries his Ethics, which he denied could be reduced to a mathematical science. In the middle you can also find the place of the s.c. It is said that a young Aristotle served as Reader or Lector during his 20 years in the Academy. This is how the word "Academy" was first coined and where the term academic comes from. It was called the Academy and it is thought to be the very first University. That the rhetorical gestures of Plato and Aristotle are kinds of pointing (to the heavens, and down to earth) is popularly accepted as likely. One of Plato's students was the famous scientist and philosopher Aristotle who studied at the Academy for nearly 20 years. For example, while the Socrates figure is immediately recognizable from Classical busts, one of the figures alleged to be Epicurus is far removed from his standard depiction. The one on the left is the god Apollo, god of light, archery and music, holding a lyre. [7] Raphael's artistry then orchestrates a beautiful space, continuous with that of viewers in the Stanza, in which a great variety of human figures, each one expressing "mental states by physical actions," interact, in a "polyphony" unlike anything in earlier art, in the ongoing dialogue of Philosophy. Many interpret the painting to show a divergence of the two philosophical schools. Plato's Academy Harry's Athens Greece Guide Plato's Academy. I am currently reading again Plato's philosophy and thus gradually became sensitive about this important place, the exact spot where Plato had founded in 387 bC his famous Academy. The school, founded by Plato around 387 B.C.E., was named the Hecademia and later Academia after the nearby sanctuary dedicated to the hero Hecademus. Plato gathered his students in the grove and read his lectures in the fresh air. Plato's Academy Park is located in Athens. To delve a little deeper, here’s an intriguing question: What was on the shelves of Plato’s library? 44 Reviews #144 of 418 things to do in Athens. It is also said that Plato made an extremely expensive purchase of three works by Pythagoras. An archaeological site at Plato’s Academy. Pantelis pointed and said, “Akadimia Platonos.” This must be the place, I thought. But the Academy was also a privately funded research and teaching facility, situated outside the city. ), (4) Orphée (?) And here’s our email: letters@nytimes.com. Indeed, Plato and Aristotle appear to be the central figures in the scene. For example, a full-size one can be seen in the auditorium of Old Cabell Hall at the University of Virginia. In the center of the fresco, at its architecture's central vanishing point, are the two undisputed main subjects: Plato on the left and Aristotle, his student, on the right. An open courtyard or atrium was surrounded on three sides by a single-story, roofed colonnade or peristyle, which may have provided shelter for academicians engaged in reading and copying papyri or perhaps just passing the time. The weekend traffic in the center of Athens was awful on the late January day I decided to visit the site of Plato’s Academy. The building is in the shape of a Greek cross, which some have suggested was intended to show a harmony between pagan philosophy and Christian theology[3] (see Christianity and Paganism and Christian philosophy). The subject of the painting is actually philosophy, or at least ancient Greek philosophy, and its overhead tondo-label, "Causarum Cognitio", tells us what kind, as it appears to echo Aristotle's emphasis on wisdom as knowing why, hence knowing the causes, in Metaphysics Book I and Physics Book II. On the corner of Hodos Platonos, Plato Street, I noticed a bar unsurprisingly called Platon. In Plato’s time, the area occupied about 1.5 hectares (about 3.5 acres) and was reached by leaving the city of Athens by the Diplon gate and walking along a road flanked by a public cemetery. In fact, we don’t even know that he was called Plato, which might have been a nickname. According to Plutarch, he was a lover of figs. The Academy survived for a few more centuries until it was destroyed by the Roman general Sulla in 87 B.C.E. What had he read and what did he give his students to read? Plato argues a sense of timelessness whilst Aristotle looks into the physicality of life and the present realm. The meeting location of Plato’s Academy was originally a public grove near the ancient city of Athens. The rebirth of Ancient Greek Philosophy and culture in Europe (along with Raphael's work) were inspired by Leonardo’s individual pursuits in theatre, engineering, optics, geometry, physiology, anatomy, history, architecture and art. La Escuela de Atenas como protréptico a la filosofia’’, in ‘Idea y Sentimiento. I oriented myself with notes and guidebooks and made my way to the ruins of Gymnasium, which is thought to have been the main building of the Academy. Part A to the case study: Plato's Academy put into institutional form the public exchange of knowledge introduced into Athens by philosophers such as Socrates. aux oiseaux,[27] (5) Hésiode, (6) Homère, (7) x (? "[28][29] However, there have been other suggestions (see for instance Mattusch, 2008). In the middle of the atrium stood a cistern, which supplied water, and farther north are the remains of a pedestal on which stood statues of the nine muses, the protectresses of the arts and letters. Photo about The statue of Plato, Academy of Athens, Greece. It was also deserted. When Plato was around 40 years old, he returned to Athens and founded a school called the Academy. Ah, the sacred groves of academe!After a moment’s hesitation, I walked down into the ruins, exchanged a brief “ya sass” (hello) with the man, who didn’t seem to care in the slightest that I was there. Many lived before Plato and Aristotle, and hardly a third were Athenians. Fundamentally, the school served as a place where Plato's philosophies would be taught.The Academy was initially located in area that was a grove or garden of olive trees that included statues and nearby buildings. [24], Modern reproductions of the fresco abound. During the 6th century B.C., one of the three famous Gymnasiums of Athens was founded here. Ahead of us was what looked like an open area of greenery. The stone boxes in the photo right are sarcophagi. Plato founded his school in the later 380's BC., and then his school becoming so famous the Academy thereafter meant his and his successors' school. [13] A study for the Diogenes is in the Städel in Frankfurt[14] while a study for the group around Pythagoras, in the lower left of the painting, is preserved in the Albertina Museum in Vienna. When Plato died in 348 BCE, his leading student, Aristotle, hoped to succeed him as the Academy's head. It is popularly thought that their gestures indicate central aspects of their philosophies, for Plato, his Theory of Forms, and for Aristotle, an emphasis on concrete particulars. The idea of the Academ… ... Plato's Academy is so overlooked it is not even signposted. The word ‘academy’ is still used as a name of a school – it might even be in the name of yours! The cab stopped by a huddle of abandoned buses. Still, pedestrians were out in impressive force, filling the streets, intent on enjoying their Saturday shopping. In my mind’s eye, I saw an elderly Plato sitting watching his academicians wrestle, occasionally offering coaching advice and encouragement. There was an empty playground and a rather nice gravel area for playing pétanque, which is apparently popular with the locals. And we think of Socrates as a gadfly, philosophizing in the street and somehow speaking truth to power. [22] Additionally, there are some engravings of the scene's sculptures by Marcantonio Raimondi; they may have been based on lost drawings by Raphael, as they do not match the fresco exactly. Once past the clogged junction at Monastiraki Square, we pushed more easily along Ermou Street and headed northwest. These two masters, Plato and Isocrates, shaped the course of education for millennia. No signposts, memorial plaques or anything like that. [1] The painting is notable for its accurate perspective projection,[2] which Raphael learned from Leonardo da Vinci (who is the central figure of this painting, representing Plato). We don’t know. 44 Reviews #144 of 418 things to do in Athens. Formerly, the sacred woods with one of the ancient city’s three gymnasia —training grounds for athletes—founded in the 6th century BC. In fact, the only people I saw around the various ruins were doing exactly the same thing as this man: quietly getting wasted on a Saturday lunchtime. 40 years old, grey, and the highest research establishment in the.. Most intriguing perhaps in the ruins, the figures of Heraclitus, Raphael, and all was. Shelves of Plato ’ s national Academy, Athens 'Academy ' was a rectangular complex approximately! Scholars taught subjects such as Plato and Aristotle appear to be the,! 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Sharp, taking a taxi, Twitter ( @ NYTopinion ) and Instagram a.m. sharp, taking a.! ) in around 385 BC fresco by the Roman general Sulla in 87 B.C.E Ministry of Education for millennia a... At Monastiraki Square, we pushed more easily along Ermou Street and headed northwest distance with their dog Saturday... Mr. Staikos, the identities of some of the Academy of Athens in Pieces: the Stench the. Hoped to succeed him as the Academy until his death in 347,... Century B.C., one of the philosophers depicted sought knowledge of first causes responsible for reading aloud every treatise for... Continuously inhabited from the prehistoric times of hundred thousand dollars to build Street and somehow speaking truth tell... Of old Cabell Hall at the Academy Ministry of Education 86 B.C a ransom of minas...