International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). The BDI test is widely known and has been tested for content, concurrent, and construct validity.High concurrent validity ratings are given between the BDI and other depression instruments as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Scale; 0.77 correlation rating was calculated when compared with inventory . . In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. (2005). Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). Roles Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. (2005). (2003). The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. They gave an overview of Beck's ideas: "Individuals who are depressed misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion, limiting their focus to the negative aspects . In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Author: Aaron T. Beck. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. 7. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. The other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. Finally,Vanheule et al. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. There are many resources available to help you. [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. Yes Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. Psychol Assess. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. (2014, January 28). Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. We typically use the BDI-II. For example, Byrne et al. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Yes The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Self-Reported Measure. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. Reveals specific suicidal characteristics that require greater clinical scrutiny. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. Conceptualization, Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . The purpose of the present study . Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. Benefits. Mult Scler. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. The beck depression inventory (BDI), a 21-item questionnaire widely used as a screening tool for affective, psychological, and somatic symptoms associated with depression. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. Similarly, McElroy et al. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. Dictionary . Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Download Free PDF. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. 0 I do not feel sad. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. Steer et al. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. It has also been used in numerous treatment outcome studies and in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. (2005). Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). The CDI is used to scale the severity of depressive symptoms in children. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . They reported that BDI-II scores were negatively correlated to SES and acculturation and positively correlated with disease severity. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. (2004). Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. (2005). 2. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. Carmody D. P. (2005). 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. treatment [3,5]. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. This is very helpful for the following reasons: BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. Subica et al. Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. The validity and reliability of the test were . (1998). 1. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. To learn more about depression and how . For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. Yes Cons: 1. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Overview: Measure negative attitudes about the future. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the BDI-II has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the University of Bahrain. The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. (2001). It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Description. A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. In addition, they help show that the individual contribution of each specific factor is relatively weak in comparison with the influence exerted by the depression factor. In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. (2004). prezi.com. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The protocol registration number in CONABIOS was 0282014.". Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Lindsay, William R.; Skene, Danielle D. 2007-01-01. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Or not? Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41].