Activation of the alternative pathway depends on spontaneous low-grade hydrolysis of C3 in plasma leading to the formation of C3b. In the last stage, RuBP is regenerated. ATP and NADPH are then converted into ATP and NADP+. The Complement (C) system refers to a system consisting of a group of Specific & non-specific proteins (approximately 20) present in normal human and animal serum Term “complement” refers to the ability of these proteins to complement. In all three pathways, C3-convertase cleaves and activates component C3, creating C3a and C3b, and causing a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. 12/23/2013 2200 CLASSICAL PATHWAY OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM BY KULDEEPKUMAR MSC PART1 ROLL NO.27 2. This helps in more carbon dioxide fixation. MASP-1 also cleaves C2 and C3. In the second stage of C3 cycle, ATP and NADPH reduce 3PGA to G3P. C3b binds to the surface of pathogens, leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells by opsonization. This C3b binds factor B (homologous to C2) to form a C3bB complex. Unfortunately, except in rare cases, assigning a C 3 or C 4 pathway based on pollen or on phytolith morphologies is not possible. First, pro-protease FB binds in an Mg2+-dependent manner to C3b yielding the pro-convertase C3bB. Alternative pathway; Lectin pathway (or mannose binding lectin pathway) The early step of complement system varies in different pathways. C5a is an important chemotactic protein, helping recruit inflammatory cells. Second, protease FD cleaves C3bB releasing the pro-peptide fragment Ba resulting in the active C3 convertase, C3bBb. Also Read: C3 and C4 Pathways. This rate of hydrolysis can be accelerated in the presence of some pathogens. C4b2a is called C3 convertase of the classical pathway. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps. The C3 convertase of the Alternative Pathway is formed in two steps. Photosynthesis is the biochemical pathway which converts the energy of light into the bonds of glucose molecules. Alternative Pathway • C3 is an unstable molecule continually undergoing hydrolysis in the blood and lymph. C3 compo­nent is with two types of polypeptide chains — α and β. C3 convertase (C4b2a) helps to cleave the smaller fragment C3a from the amino terminus of the a chain of C3 … In the first step, energy from light is stored in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), … Complement System 1. C 4 dicots are not as abundant as C 4 monocots. Discover more about Calvin cycle or C3 cycle, its stages, and other topics only @ BYJU’S Biology This pathway illustrates molecular interactions involved in the fundamental adaptive immune response for allograft destruction. Photorespiration: C3, C4, and CAM plants C3, C4, and CAM plants How the C4 and CAM pathways help minimize photorespiration. (iii) Production of C5 convertase: C3 is almost very similar to C4. 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