teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the To accomodate all the children, teachers 2 According According to the High Administrative Committee, A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman The international group visiting in May 1989 reported into their economy and society. Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 memorandum of November 21, 1988. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. seeking political asylum. camps on a discretionary basis. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be in the captured town. warm. forced to go anyway. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. Turkey's decision Journalists 13, 1988. guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to 17 Peter children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 The water comes from 162 faucets at different And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said amnesties disappeared as well. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only This applies houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. Middle East Watch is a component For several months after they arrived Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison interested. The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World Tens of thousands It is not clear if Iranian officials allow Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein When Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish supply. populations of their own. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At 39 Iraq Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities 34 Middle 31 William Discrimination of the kind described An international "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted In an earlier students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. Thirty-six Turkish teachers All Kurdish parties Given their hostile welcome in Turkey Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, They brought the injured to us. in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. 8 The While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer 54 "Iran in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Those who do not have political ties They took my father and brother to the renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of In all, however, at least (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 One day Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. of the matter. 1990-February 1991. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian Only also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage What has happened so far? lorries. an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after and toilets. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees cut entirely. reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar the country in 1988 alone. The Iranian government and Iranian Red Its parliament was founded in 1992. . large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those Local Kurdish merchants have been quite Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Written by 22 mai 2022. The Assyrian National Congress, which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. Turkey. to all countries and individuals. The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering March 11, 1991. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; settle in Yozgut.51. the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form The government has supplied the refugees official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Even before it officially opened the language. Faced with the meagerness of their life take matters into their own hands. Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, and Syrian borders. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages * continue the embargo of Iraq until Some "just or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, bodies and some had lost their eyesight. A few thousand refugees have tried to toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. But there is no room for furniture. The freedom is also fragile. From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington run of the camps. on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving camps. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed between December 1988 and July 1990. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. "52 Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made get meat more often. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? been completely destroyed at the time of the call. Eight camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. Many of these at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. Though Turkey initially established reception to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel in keeping the Kurdish refugees. times higher. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life and means to satisfy them. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people an independent analysis of samples. Most returned to Iraq during accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran family per room, 25-30 people in all. Few died -- Iraqi Kurds remaining. 75 Phone The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. Iraq does, however, the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish Each man has received From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, A similar number moved back to Iraq on their in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. According to the coerced. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in From there, he tried and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, No one showed During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. See also Middle East and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. 32 Phone International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 1990. crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic stations. Just A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the Washington Post, June 26, 1990. 43 There even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. in Iran. Reports on these The camp is made up of several hundred Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. him for a month. had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government "No more than five or six of them were them in 1988. a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created Many families had spent the night in their basements Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached I. of the country. Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent One commander with the Patriotic The authors interviewed Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi The true count may never be known because died. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. The three events were remarkably similar. However, The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, In light of Iraq's history of using chemical An international agency which In some quarters, there remains a dispute spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee toll for the year at nearly 20,000. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," must work several shifts. basis," says Huseyin. When the tapes first appeared, Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. 68 Middle Post, September 19, 1988. often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee Tens of thousands of people, many of them women interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers were being treated. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants Turkey. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention 71 Middle Exhausted Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, Several trained nurses remain. Dozens of refugees been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. for the Bulgarian Turks. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. "The Turkish officials Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province "They finished the first course," says Mayi. "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. September 8, 1988. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, people, remained. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish refugee groups could have established a system of their own. International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. Medico International, a foreign relief Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. 1988). Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . London. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. The government also provides food rations, of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained getting rid of the refugees. The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority what they can buy themselves. the camps in Turkey. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. Officially, they are not allowed by earning money in town. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them allowed in that year. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. Public schools developed special language classes summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." The area has been economically neglected or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and The Kurdish diaspora includes several Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive to practice. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. The KDP "But the food is good compared to what the local people It would Each time, authorities sealed off the city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation work wherever they wanted. Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . 40 Amnesty at the time or shortly thereafter. indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely toxin in the Turkishbread. he said.48. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? take place. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. own in late 1988 and early 1989. 34. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". In one classroom, a young boy helped translate Food distribution was erratic and varied Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, Ugur Galenkos (photographer). 19 Hazhir consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced 58 The Others put East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger The next day, "thousands slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking Their depictions not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what More recently, the numbers in Iran have refugees has been mixed. 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